France’s nuclear deterrence network is spreading across Europe

Finland has joined France’s “forward deterrence” initiative, expanding a network designed to give the French nuclear arsenal a deeper European role.

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France retains sole authority over the use of its nuclear weapons. “Forward deterrence” can involve allied participation in deterrence exercises, conventional support, strategic signaling and temporary deployment of elements of France’s strategic air forces on allied territory.

Chart: David AverreSource: Élysée, Associated Press