Gaps in multiplication and division stay for longer—but do eventually close

Percent proficient in multiplication and division from spring first grade to spring third grade to spring fifth grade to spring eighth grade, by household socioeconomic status

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Data collected from SY 99-00 through SY 06-07. Weighted by the ECLS-K cross-section full-sample parent weights: C4PWO, C5PWO, C6PWO, and C7PWO.

Chart: Munro RichardsonSource: Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998-99 (ECLS-K)Get the dataCreated with Datawrapper