Estimated Emissions Intensities (kg CO₂e/barrel)

Notes:
Assumes light oil lower heating value (LHV) of 5,800 Megajoule/barrel (MJ/bbl); heavy oil LHV of 6,500 MJ/bbl.
Emissions estimates use 100-year global warming potential and do not fully account for methane leakage.

Source: Adapted from Liang Jing, et. al., “Carbon intensity of global crude oil refining and mitigation potential,” Nature Climate Change, Volume 10, June 2020, Pages 526-532; Oil and Gas Journal, Worldwide US Refinery Survey-Capacities as of Jan. 1, 2021.