). A detailed comparison of three examples of international vetting exercises in Moldova and Ukraine shows the stark differences possible in terms of duration. It goes without saying that each vetting exercise will have its individual features and challenges, whether in Moldova, Ukraine, or somewhere else. For example, while the PCIE UA did the first vetting of such kind internationally, the NACP UA vetting was able to benefit from the PCIE’s experience, but also had the additional task of assessing professional competence. Any statistical comparison is thus a stark simplification of the ‘full story’ behind each vetting exercise. It is interesting to note that the Pre-Vetting Commission in Moldova had until now the lowest number of candidates and hearings, the highest number of staff, but took by far the longest, with the process ongoing until June 2023. By comparison, the PCIE in Ukraine had the most candidates and hearings, but needed only little time.