Global competition across the AI stack
Source: Adapted from “EuroStack – A European Alternative for Digital Sovereignty” (Bertelsmann Stiftung, February 13, 2025). Data updated using market reports, industry analyses, and author determinations. Sources include: Stanford AI Index 2024; OECD.AI; Synergy Research Group (cloud); IDC and Counterpoint (devices); Dell’Oro Group (telecom equipment); Semiconductor Industry Association (chips); SEMI/WSTS (fabrication capacity); USGS and IEA (critical minerals, energy); VDW and Gardner Intelligence (machine tools).
Note: The chart maps market dominance across layers of the AI stack, from upstream raw materials to high-precision chipmaking, cloud infrastructure, data centers, and advanced model training. These layers highlight key chokepoints in the supply chain for AI models. It draws on indicators including market share, patent filings, production capacity to show which countries and firms currently lead in each layer.
