Figure 2. Net migration rate per 1,000 residents (2018–23)
Source: Author’s calculations based on “Gross migration file” data, 2018–2023, from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), “SOI Tax Stats - Migration Data” (dataset), last reviewed March 20, 2026, https://www.irs.gov/statistics/soi-tax-stats-migration-data; US Census Bureau, “State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020–2025 (2023 data),” last revised January 13, 2026, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-state-total.html.