Median negotiated ICR rates have risen since 1980, but median effective rates have not changed

Median ICR rates of NIH funding recipients in the 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2020s, and the associated 25th and 75th percentile range. Data from manually collected institutional F&A agreements for 1980-2007 and 2024, NIH RePORTER, and the NIH Consolidated Grant Application File. Too few negotiated rates are available for the 2010s to include.
Source: Azoulay et al. 2025