CIV - Projected losses as percentage of public debt 2025 -2050
% GDP
Note: "1-in-100" metrics are based on a 1-in-100-year hazard scenario (1% annual exceedance probability). Oxford DIGNAD results use GIRI/CDRI direct damages to buildings and infrastructure, with country macroeconomic profiles initialised to 2022 and disaster shocks assumed to occur in 2026. Scenarios include 1-in-100 return periods. Public reconstruction is assumed to be financed through borrowing, while VAT and labour income tax rates are held constant. Results should be interpreted by hazard, scenario and source.