Major CRM suppliers to EU, 2024 imports
¹ HS 750210 ("class 1" nickel) is the largest single nickel-related import for the EU. The data understate Indonesia’s role in global nickel supply chains. Indonesia's EU exposure mostly sits in ferro-nickel (HS 720260, #3 at 23.5%) and nickel oxide sinters/intermediates (HS 750120, #2 at 35.2%). Most Indonesian nickel feeds Asian stainless/battery supply chains via China/Korea/Japan.
² The DRC produces ~70–75% of raw cobalt globally, but it is invisible in EU data — the DRC ships cobalt hydroxide to China for refining, and the EU then imports refined product from Chinese processing hubs.
³ Natural graphite only; for synthetic graphite (HS 380110) China's share is far higher (~95%).
² The DRC produces ~70–75% of raw cobalt globally, but it is invisible in EU data — the DRC ships cobalt hydroxide to China for refining, and the EU then imports refined product from Chinese processing hubs.
³ Natural graphite only; for synthetic graphite (HS 380110) China's share is far higher (~95%).
Source: WITS/UN Comtrade, HS 1988/92 (H0)