Oceanic Niño Index (ONI), 1950-2026, and peaks of strong and very strong El Niño events

ONI: three-month running mean of sea surface temperature anomaly in Niño 3.4 (°C). Dots: peaks of strong and very strong El Niño events.

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Source: Authors' elaboration based on NOAA CPC. Strong and very strong events according to the ONI phase of each season.