Table C5. Estimation by Alternative Versions of Instrument

Notes: This table shows the robustness of the instrumental variable strategy by constructing an alternative version of the instruments. Column 1 uses predicted immigrants using the traditional Bartik instrument without the leave-out strategy. In Column 2, I predict the share of immigrants using a leave-out version of the instrument with a county (a larger geographical region). Column 3 updates the migrant networks as new information becomes available in each census. Column 4 shows the transformed IV regression at the estimated at level of shocks as suggested by Borusyak et al. (2022) with the updated migrant networks.
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