Contributors to changes in primary balances between 2011-19 and 2020-23

Percent of GDP

Note: EMDEs = emerging market and developing economies. Bars show the contributions of changes in average primary balances as a percent of GDP from changes in revenues and primary expenditures for a sample of 32 small states and up to 110 other EMDEs.
Source: WEO (database); World Bank. Embed this chart