Table A2

Effects of immigration on housing values and property tax revenues

2002–2003, 2007–2012, and 2014–2022, 2023 dollars

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Sources: “American Community Survey 1-Year Data (2005–2024),” US Census Bureau, September 11, 2025; “Decennial Census of Population and Housing Data,” datasets for 1990 and 2000, US Census Bureau, last revised May 17, 2022; and Jacob L. Vigdor et al., “Immigrants, Housing Wealth, and Local Government Finances,” Cato Institute Briefing Paper no. 187, April 15, 2025.