The top income decile captures about 33 percent of the retirement tax expenditure

Share of each measure's total retirement tax expenditure by income decile, 2024

Shares sum to 100 percent within each series. Deciles are of size-adjusted household income before transfers and taxes; each contains an equal number of people (columns 2–9 are the middle deciles, poorest to richest). The bottom decile is slightly negative under both measures. Adding the imputed DB, Roth, and IRA flows makes the distribution somewhat less top-concentrated: the top decile's share is 36 percent of observed flows versus 33 percent of the CBO-comparable total.
Source: SIPP 2025 release (pooled 2022–2025 panels), reference year 2024; EIG calculations.