Figure 34

Low-skilled immigrant arrivals from 1990 to 1993 are still fiscally positive 30 years on

Low-skilled immigrant 1990–1993 cohort, benefits received and taxes paid, 1994–2023

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Sources: Calculations are based primarily on the Annual Social and Economic Supplements of the US Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey for March 1994–2023; and “National Data: National Income and Product Accounts,” Bureau of Economic Analysis, last revised September 2025. See Appendix for full details.

Note: All amounts are in inflation-adjusted 2024 dollars.