Table 3.1. Principles of responsible/ethical military artificial intelligence at the international and national level, ordered from most to least common, 2019–25
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✓ = principle referenced in the document; – = principle not referenced in the document; EU = European Union; NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization; REAIM = Responsible Artificial Intelligence in the Military Domain.
a French Ministry of Armaments, L’Intelligence Artificielle au Service de la Défense [Artificial Intelligence in Support of Defence], Report of the AI Task Force, Sep. 2019.
b United States Department of Defense (DOD), ‘DOD adopts ethical principles of artificial intelligence’, Press release, 24 Feb. 2020.
c European Parliament, ‘Artificial intelligence: Questions of interpretation and application of international law’, Resolution P9_TA(2021)0009, 20 Jan. 2021.
d British Ministry of Defence, ‘Ambitious, safe, responsible: Our approach to the delivery of AI-enabled capability in Defence’, Policy paper, 15 June 2022.
e Political Declaration on Responsible Military Use of Artificial Intelligence and Autonomy, 9 Nov. 2023.
f NATO, ‘Summary of NATO’s revised artificial intelligence (AI) strategy’, 10 July 2024.
g REAIM Summit, ‘Blueprint for Action’ 11 Sep. 2024.
h AI Action Summit, ‘Paris declaration on maintaining human control in AI enabled weapon systems’, 11 Feb. 2025.
i Japanese Ministry of Defense, ‘Guideline for responsible AI application in reseasrch and development of AI-equipped defense systems’, ver. 1 (provisional translation), June 2025.
a French Ministry of Armaments, L’Intelligence Artificielle au Service de la Défense [Artificial Intelligence in Support of Defence], Report of the AI Task Force, Sep. 2019.
b United States Department of Defense (DOD), ‘DOD adopts ethical principles of artificial intelligence’, Press release, 24 Feb. 2020.
c European Parliament, ‘Artificial intelligence: Questions of interpretation and application of international law’, Resolution P9_TA(2021)0009, 20 Jan. 2021.
d British Ministry of Defence, ‘Ambitious, safe, responsible: Our approach to the delivery of AI-enabled capability in Defence’, Policy paper, 15 June 2022.
e Political Declaration on Responsible Military Use of Artificial Intelligence and Autonomy, 9 Nov. 2023.
f NATO, ‘Summary of NATO’s revised artificial intelligence (AI) strategy’, 10 July 2024.
g REAIM Summit, ‘Blueprint for Action’ 11 Sep. 2024.
h AI Action Summit, ‘Paris declaration on maintaining human control in AI enabled weapon systems’, 11 Feb. 2025.
i Japanese Ministry of Defense, ‘Guideline for responsible AI application in reseasrch and development of AI-equipped defense systems’, ver. 1 (provisional translation), June 2025.