Upfront costs include the coal ash cost outlays from 2023–2031, previously incurred coal ash costs, and fees from the securitization transaction. Cost of capital is Georgia Power's rate of return, grossed up for the equity component, for the regulatory asset recovery; and is the securitization bond interest rate, for the securitization recovery. We assume a separate transaction for each year of coal ash costs, so the interest rate varies year to year.