Area chart showing the three dimensions (economic in blue, military in green and soft in orange) of the Elcano Global Presence Index value added between 1990 and 2024. According to these results (Figure 1), there has been a retreat of 1.4% in the globalisation process between 2023 and 2024. The economic dimension fell by 3.5% compared with 2023. Lthe military dimension grew by 1% over the past year, largely due to the sharp rise in troop deployments, driven by Russia’s military operations in Ukraine. the soft power dimension has regained some of the momentum it had before the COVID-19 pandemic.