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FIGURE 1

Labour force participation and workforce participation rate among persons aged 21-59 years by gender across urban area categories, 2025

Labour force participation rate and workforce participation rate are estimated using the current weekly status.

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Top 5 cities are the five largest million-plus cities by population (2011 Census). The other million-plus cities include all other cities with a population of at least one million, according to the 2011 Census.

Centre for Economic Data and Analysis (CEDA), Ashoka University

Data source: Author's calculations using unit-level data from the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), 2025.