The relationship between wind/solar penetration and average retail price is different depending on if the state has a binding RPS

Real change in average retail price vs. change in wind/solar share of generation, 2019-2024

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Figure adapted from Wiser et al. (2025), "Factors influencing recent trends in retail electricity prices in the United States." An RPS is considered not binding if the state has exceeded its target..

Source: EIAGet the dataCreated with Datawrapper