Table 3. Military involvement in political leadership changes in the Sahel, 2020–24

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Sources: Transparency International, ‘Lest we forget: Burkina Faso at a crossroads against human suffering and instability’, 11 Oct. 2024; ‘Chad’s President Idriss Déby dies after clashes with rebels’, BBC, 20 Apr. 2021; ‘Attack on Chad’s presidential complex in N’Djamena leaves 19 dead’, France 24, 8 Jan. 2025; and Center for Preventive Action, ‘Violent extremism in the Sahel’, Global Conflict Tracker, Council on Foreign Relations, 4 Sep. 2025.