Table A1

Nontax revenues account for one-third of the net fiscal effect from low-skilled immigrants

Taxes paid, net fiscal effect, 1994–2023 (amounts in billions)

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Sources: Calculations are based primarily on the Annual Social and Economic Supplements of the US Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey for March 1994–2023; and “National Data: National Income and Product Accounts,” Bureau of Economic Analysis, last revised September 2025. See Appendix for full details.

Note: All amounts are in inflation-adjusted 2024 dollars.