This figure, Figure 4, shows the percentage of employees who are represented by unions but are not union members in states with and without right-to-work laws overall, in the private sector, and in the public sector. Overall, the share of employees who are covered by a union contract but not members is 1.5 percent in states without right-to-work laws and 1.3 percent in states with right-to-work laws. In the private sector, the share of employees who are covered by a union contract but not members is 0.9 percent in states without right-to-work laws and 0.8 percent in states with right-to-work laws. In the public sector — where, regardless of state law, right-to-work is effectively in place in every state — 6.8 percent of employees are represented by unions but not members in states without right-to-work laws, compared to 4.5 percent in states with right-to-work laws. The figure reflects the author’s analysis of data from Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group, 2022. Because the data are from 2022, Michigan is included as a right-to-work state. Michigan’s right-to-work statute was repealed in 2023.