| Example | Vaalharts Water User Association | uMzimvubu Catchment Partnership |
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| Staff | Full time board and committee members | Non-permanent and voluntary |
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| Function | Operate and maintain the Vaalharts Government Water Scheme. The scheme covers 39 000 ha supplying water to six towns, 4 municipalities and farmers | Conserve the full extent of the uMzimvubu river system through sustainable restoration and maintenance of the catchment area. The partnership covers 20 000 km2 , supporting 250 000 people on 435 000 ha of land
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| Advantages | It is a formalised institution therefore has defined rules of operation. | Diverse group of stakeholders who have breadth with voluntary participation and consensus decision-making |
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| Challenges | Bureaucratic governance with a defined hierarchy | Informal institution not bounded by institutional rules and regulations |
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