Immigrants average more GDP, more taxes, but receive fewer benefits

Immigrant and US-born children share of population, earned income, and taxes generated, 1994–2023, 2024$

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Sources: Calculations primarily from Annual Social and Economic Supplement, US Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey for March 2013; and “National Data: National Income and Product Accounts,” Bureau of Economic Analysis, last revised September 2025. For full details: Bier, David J., Michael Howard, and Julián Salazar. “Immigrants’ Recent Effects on Government Budgets: 1994–2023,” White Paper, Cato Institute, February 3, 2026.