A charge removes extra congestion caused by AVs

UK car vehicle-miles with central AV adoption on the DfT core traffic projection. 

Added miles are induced travel and empty running on private cars plus robotaxi miles. Manual-reverted miles stay in every total: the charge moves them out of self-driving mode, not off the road. Robotaxi miles are counted as additional to the counterfactual, a third of which replace a private car mile.
Chart: Centre for British ProgressSource: DfT TRA0104 and NRTP 2022; CBP AV modelGet the data