The wage gap increases when immigrants don't speak English at home. The new census data shows this gap is even larger in Canada's biggest cities among second-generation immigrants.
Metropolitan Area | 1st Generation gap | 2nd Generation gap |
|---|---|---|
| Ottawa | 15.60%15.6 | 31.40%31.4 |
| Toronto | 37.4%37.4 | 54.6%54.6 |
| Winnipeg | 33%33 | 41.7%41.7 |
| Calgary | 37.4%37.4 | 55.90%55.9 |
| Edmonton | 27%27 | 50.80%50.8 |
| Vancouver | 32.9%32.9 | 52%52 |
