FIGURE 5
Correlates of Signature Gathering Costs for Ballot Measures, 2014–2024
Institutional design and contextual features correlate with both the cost per required signature and the share of total support expenditures dedicated to signature gathering. Bars represent the estimated coefficients, and shaded areas are 95% confidence intervals.
A regression coefficient plot showing regression estimates for correlates of signature gathering costs, with lines representing estimated coefficients and shaded areas representing 95% confidence intervals. Ballot measures that require initiated constitutional amendments and those with geographic distribution requirements are associated with significantly higher signature gathering costs, while indirect initiated measures are associated with lower costs.
