Winter headroom enables heat pump installs to add winter load without adding grid capacity costs

CA CO IL MA MD MI MN NJ NY

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Source: Generation: EIA 860 2025 with generator-specific seasonal derating (reserve margin and net imports calibrated to annual peak demand). Demand: Evolved Energy Research's ADP Model calibrated to EIA 930 2020-2024 and EIA 861 2020-2024.