The map of North Carolina shows that the total cost, which is based on county estimates of voters without identification, is high in parts of the state where economic hardship is high. Within counties, we know from the literature that the people bearing the cost of securing a photo identification are most likely to be older people, residents living in more rural communities, and people of color.

Cost to voters of photo ID requirement diverts dollars from basic needs and local spending

Total cost to voters of photo ID in each county for all voters who currently do not have identification

The cost to individuals of wait times, travel, and missed time away from work, and missing documents suggests that North Carolinians without identification could incur costs ranging from $100 to $134 to secure even a free photo ID.
Chart: NC Budget & Tax CenterSource: Author's calculation to update methodology used in "The Cost of Creating Barriers to Vote" September 2018. NC Budget & Tax Center Report: NC Justice Center with CPI-U from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Get the dataEmbedDownload imageCreated with Datawrapper