Immigrants are less likely to be in school, imposing fewer education costs

Immigrant share of student and total population, share of education spending, 1994–2023

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Sources: Calculations are based primarily on the Annual Social and Economic Supplements of the US Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey for March 1994–2023; “National Data: National Income and Product Accounts,” Bureau of Economic Analysis, last revised September 2025; and the US Census Bureau’s Annual Survey of School System Finances, last revised September 2025. See Appendix for full details.