“Early detection and reporting” reflects countries’ capacity for detecting and reporting epidemics of potential international concern; “Rapid response and mitigation” reflects their ability to respond to and mitigate the spread of an epidemic; and “Sufficient and robust health sector” reflects the capacity of health sectors to treat the sick and protect health workers. Data reflects 2019. Sample includes 31 LICs, 123 EMDEs, and 35 advanced economies. EMDEs exclude LICs.