System-level benefits of recycling through 2040

Monetized benefits, $ B.







In the best case scenario, metal prices and the monetary valuation of environmental factors are high; in the worst case, both are low.The International Foundation for Valuing Impacts (IFVI) estimates that the social cost of carbon is $236 per tCO₂. Value of land and water use and conversion vary based on location and estimates by IFVI for different use cases were used as a proxy. Generally, land in developing countries has a lower value than in developed countries. Recycling wages are estimated at between $20 and $25 per hour and each $1 is estimated to result in between $1.09 and $1.21 of additional economic activity depending on location. Profit estimates are based on the modeled revenue and cost profile of a standard hydrometallurgical recycling facility using data from Argonne National Laboratory's Everbatt model and expert interviews. Benefits accrue to different stakeholders; recycling jobs and economic benefits assume that recycling takes place in the United States. The environmental benefits accrue in locations where extraction and processing take place. The price of water used does not account for the effects of water diversion, especially in water-scarce communities, nor the associated impact on air quality.
Chart: RMI Source: International Foundation for Valuing Impacts, Argonne National Laboratory, RMI analysis and company filings.
RMI (with padding)