Prevalence of symptoms of depression among adults ages 65 and older with functional impairments

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Source: Authors' analysis of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS).

Note: Activities of Daily Living (ADLs). Instrumental ADLs (IADLs). The HRS includes the widely validated eight-item Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D 8) and detailed information on functional limitations. “Symptoms of depression” indicates CES-D 8 ≥ 4. Estimates are cross sections of wave 15 (2020) of the HRS. Individuals living in nursing homes are not included.

The Brookings Institution