*among non-claiming filers only Note: “In-person paid tax preparers” does not include online tax preparation websites or software where a filer may have had to pay to file taxes. Those filers are instead flagged as “self-prepared” returns in the data and cannot be distinguished from filers who used free online tax preparation services. CalFresh households consist of actual and predicted tax-filing units. See working paper for more details. Analysis limited to e-filers.