Battery energy arbitrage: simulated returns over 365 days

Using an optimized strategy (maximizing charge/discharge opportunities based on perfect price foresight)

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Assumes a 100 MW 4-hour battery participating in real-time energy only. Assumes 85% round-trip efficiency, $10/MWh variable O&M, and 100% availability. Price data is simulated based on ERCOT Houston Hub July 2021 - June 2025 historical data.

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