Figure 4. Primary energy mix for the EU-27 (% of total annual consumption)

Clustered column chart showing the evolution of the EU-27 primary energy mix as a percentage of total annual consumption, comparing the average of 2018-2022 (red) with the year 2023 (yellow).

2018-

2022 (%)

2023

(%)

12.2%

9.9%

37%

38.5%

23%

20.7%

10.9%

10%

5.2%

5.5%

6.1%

8.1%

2.4%

4.2%

3.3%

3.2%

Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

Hydro

Wind

Solar

Other renewables

Chart: Enrique Feás & Isidoro Tapia, Elcano Royal InstituteSource: the authors and Our World in DataGet the data