Emissions intensity of steel, t CO2e/t HRC

CBAM benchmarks: BF-BOF route = 1.37 tCO2/t HRC; DRI-EAF route = 0.48 t CO2/t HRC. CBAM category is the only component subject to CBAM costs.

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H2 = renewable hydrogen. NG = natural gas. CCS = carbon capture and storage. Grid intensity of 0.63 kg CO2/kWh used, representing NG-based grid generation in the MENA region. Methane Leakage based on GWP-20 included and assumes 2.2% leakage rate.

Chart: RMI graphicSource: RMI analysis.