*A solution to the permanent disposal of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) in the United States is currently stalled.
**Facility is still operating as URL. Other facilities have closed or been converted to disposal repositories for radioactive waste.
***URL planned. China's Beishan URL has begun construction, which is anticipated to be completed in 2028. Russia's Nizhnekansky URL is anticipated to begin operation around 2025.
****For the purposes of this chart, independence refers to some degree of autonomy from changes in political priorities.