Table 2. Dimensions of fragility in the Sahel
. . = Not applicable or not available; IDP = Internally displaced person.
a Food Security Information Network (FSIN) and Global Network Against Food Crises (GNAFC), Global Report on Food Crises 2025 (FSIN: Rome, 2025), p. 92.
b Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN), ‘ND-GAIN Country Index: Country rankings, 2023’, 2023).
c Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), Global Report on Internal Displacement 2024 (IDMC: Geneva, 2024). Figures are estimates due to constraints on humanitarian access and limitations on IDMC registration processes.
d Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), ‘UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia’, [n.d.]. In UCDP’s classification system, organized violence includes state-based violence, non-state violence (conflicts where none of the warring parties is a government) and one-sided violence (deaths from attacks by organized actors targeting unarmed civilians).
e UN Development Programme (UNDP), Human Development Report 2025—A Matter of Choice: People and Possibilities in the Age of AI (UNDP: New York, 2025).
f Both Mali and Niger were ranked joint 188th.
g Fund for Peace, ‘Fragile States Index’, 2024.
a Food Security Information Network (FSIN) and Global Network Against Food Crises (GNAFC), Global Report on Food Crises 2025 (FSIN: Rome, 2025), p. 92.
b Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN), ‘ND-GAIN Country Index: Country rankings, 2023’, 2023).
c Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), Global Report on Internal Displacement 2024 (IDMC: Geneva, 2024). Figures are estimates due to constraints on humanitarian access and limitations on IDMC registration processes.
d Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), ‘UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia’, [n.d.]. In UCDP’s classification system, organized violence includes state-based violence, non-state violence (conflicts where none of the warring parties is a government) and one-sided violence (deaths from attacks by organized actors targeting unarmed civilians).
e UN Development Programme (UNDP), Human Development Report 2025—A Matter of Choice: People and Possibilities in the Age of AI (UNDP: New York, 2025).
f Both Mali and Niger were ranked joint 188th.
g Fund for Peace, ‘Fragile States Index’, 2024.