A bar chart showing the trend in Spain’s net electricity exports as a percentage of Morocco’s domestic production between 2003 and 2025. The figures peaked between 2008 and 2014, exceeding 15 per cent; they then fell to negative levels in 2019 and 2021, before rising gradually again until 2025.
Chart: Gonzalo Escribano, Yeray Bedate - Elcano Royal InstituteSource: authors’ calculations based on Redeia (2026), IEA (2026); ONEE (2026).Get the data