Number of residents without local hukou remains high in major cities

Share of permanent residents without a local household registration

Note: Lines show % of each city's population living without local hukou, estimated as resident population minus registered (hukou) population. The sharp shifts visible around 2020 mostly reflect statistical breaks — decennial census counts replacing annual survey-based estimates, and, for Xi'an, a boundary change that put resident and hukou figures on different geographic bases — rather than one-year swings in actual migration.
Source: Municipal Statistical Yearbooks, Annual Statistical Bulletins, National Population Census Communiqués
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