The graph is a bar chart titled "Productivity and Costs of Local Innovation by Scientist Concentration." A 10 percent increase in the number of scientists in less-concentrated cities is associated with a 0.53 percent rise in the productivity per scientist and a 0.10 percent decline in R&D costs. A 10 percent rise in the number of scientists in the most-concentrated cities is associated with a 0.77 percent rise in the productivity per scientist and a 0.72 percent increase in R&D costs. Note: Cities in the 13th through 76th percentiles of the scientist-concentration distribution are "less concentrated;" 76th+ are "most concentrated." The difference between increases in R&D cost index and productivity per scientist in the most-concentrated cities, and the R&D cost index change in less-concentrated cities, are not statistically significantly different from zero. Source: Researchers' calculations using data from the BEA, the NSF Business R&D Survey, Glassdoor, CoStar, and the ACS.