Figure 32

Even the lowest-skilled immigrants reduce the deficit to GDP compared with the US population without immigrants

Net fiscal effect, share of GDP generated by immigrants and US population without immigrants, 1994–2023

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Sources: Calculations are based primarily on the Annual Social and Economic Supplements of the US Census Bureau's Current Population Survey for March 1994–2023; and “National Data: National Income and Product Accounts,” Bureau of Economic Analysis, last revised September 2025. See Appendix for full details.

Note: GDP = gross domestic product.